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Not: Tercüme
ve eklemeler devam etmektedir .
Zararlılar
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Küçük
Emiciler
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Çay
Sivrisineği- Mosquito
bug
Helopeltis sp.
Erginler
yumurtalarını daha ziyade genç yaprakların alt yüzünden doku arasına
bırakırlar. 
Burada
gelişmeye başlayan yumurtalar yaprakları tahrip ederler.
Yumurtalar koyu sarı veya
bakırımsı renktedir.
Dişisi 5-10mm uzunluğunda iken,
etkeği daha küçük olup 4mm uzunluğundadır.
Başları kahverengi olup, sarı
geniş çizgiler vardır. Gözler kahverengi-siyahtır. Uzun kahverengi tepede
gittikçe incelen ve siyahlaşan antenlere sahiptir.
Dişi abdomeni yeşildir, erkekler
mavimsidir.
Erginler ve gelişmemiş böcekler
bitki dokularını iğneleri ile delerler.
Tomurcuklardan, genç
sürümlerden ve yumuşak saplardan özsuyu emerler.
Delikler kahve rengine
benzer lekelere dönüşür.
Due
to intensive feeding, leaves curl up, badly deformed, remain
small.Yapraklar bükülür, deforme olup küçük kalırlar.
Sıcak
veya güneşli dönemler boyunca, ergin sivrisineği gün boyunca daha
aktiftir (sabah erken saatlerde, öğleden sonra, veya
yağmurdan sonra).
Günün en sıcak zamanlarında
sivrisinek çay yaprakları altında saklandığından bulmak zordur. Kapalı serin günlerde,
sivrisinekbütün gün boyunca aktif durumda bulunur.
Soğuk aylarda, sivrisineğın en
aktif olduğu dönem günün sıcak bölümüdür (öğleden sonra 3'e kadar).
Hava faktörüne büyük ölçüde
bağımlı olup; sıcak aylarda daha çok görünürler.
Yaşam
Devresi
Bir dişi sivrisinek 12-74
yumurta bırakır. Yumurtaları 2'li 3'lü guruplar
halinde genç yumuşak iç bölümlere yerleştirir.
Havanın sıcaklığına bağlı
olarak yumurtadan çıkma süresi 5-10 gün arasında değişir.
Gelişme beş aşamada sürer.
Havaya göre 9-19 güna rasında tamamlanır.
Yılda 8 generasyon veririler.
Yetişkinler 8-13 gün
yaşaabilirler.
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 Zararları
Gerek nimfa ve gerekse ergin
sivrisineklerin
uygun emici ağız yapıları vardır. Bitkinin taze bölümlerini delmek ve
emmek için ağız partlarını kullanırlar.
Nimfalar yetişkinlerden sık sık
daha ağır zarara neden olurlar.
Sivrisineğin emdiği bölümde koyu
kahverengi veya siyah dairesel leke oluşur.
Nimfalar
erginlere göre daha küçük lekelare sebep olmalarına karşın sayıca
daha fazla leke oluştururlar.
Çay
tomurcuk ve sürgünlerde emilme sonucunda bir çok kuru lekeler ve
yaprakta büklümler oluşur.
Kötü
şekilde hasar gören bu tomurcuk ve filizler toplanmazsa diğerlerinide
etkiler.
Bodur ve koyu renkli
yapraklara sahip çay ocaklarında etkii daha belirgindir.
Sivrisinekler
öncelikle çaylıklarda önce küçük bir alanda kendilerini gösterirler ve
çaylığa zaman içinde yayılırlar.
Doğal
Düşmanları
Örümcek, Yusufçuk, Peygamber
Devesi ve bazı karınca çeşitleri
Bu doğal düşmanlar mimfalarıda
erginleride öldürür.
Muhtemelen
uğur böcekleri ve toprak böcekleride sivriseneklerin düşmanları rasında
sayılabilinir.
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Yeşil
Yaprak Zararlısı - Tea green leafhopper
Empoasca onukii
Bitki
üzerinde aynı süreçte birden çok olabilirler.
Yeşil yaprak zararlıları direkt
güneş ışığından hoşlanmadıklarındanyaprakların altlarını tercih
ederler. Başka bir yer gitmek istediklerinde, yerlerinden
rahatsız oldularında hızlı şekilde sıçrayarak yer değiştirirler.
Yetişkin
leafhopper uzunluğu 2-4 mm olup renkleri ise pirinç fidelerin yeşil
rengini andırır. Kanatlar saydam ve yeşildir.
Nimfalarının
kanatları yoktur. Ancak dinlendikleri süreçte yetişkinlere
benzerler.
Yeni
kuluçkadan çıkmış bir nimpa bir pirinç keğeğinden az daha büyük
olup transparan bir beyaz renge sahiptir.
Daha ileri
aşamalarda renk gittikçe yeşile döner ve büyüme devam eder. Son aşamada
nimfa yaklaşık 2mm uzunluğa erişir.
Yaşam
Devresi
Yumurtalar yeni tomurcukların ve
taze yaprakların özellikle boğum aralarına bırakılır.
Bir
tomurcukta 1-7 yumurta olabilir.
Bir dişi
hayat sürecinde 100'e yakın yumurta üretir.
Sıcağa bağlı olarak yumurtalar 5-10
gün kuluçkada yatar.
Nimfa'nın yetişkin hale gelmesi
dört aşamada olur.
Toplam süre havanın sıcaklığına
bağlı olarak 7-16 gün sürebilir. Sıcaklık gelişmeyi hızlandırır.
Leafhopperların bir generasyonu
12-30 gün sürer.
Yılda 10 generasyon olabilmektedir.
Yetişkinlerin yaşam süreci 14-21
gündür.
Dişileri erkeklerine nazaran daha
uzun ömürlüdür.
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Plant
damage and plant tolerance
Both nymphs and adult
leafhoppers use their needle-like mouthparts to suck sap from the
leaves. By feeding in this way the hoppers make wounds in the leaves,
causing the leaves to become covered with small yellow spots. With
continued feeding the leaves become stunted and, especially under dry
conditions, the upper part can dry out (see picture). The less
seriously affected leaves can have a purple color. The damage to the
plant is caused by the removal of sap and by the actual injury to the
plant tissues, which prevents the leaf from receiving nutrients from
other plant parts.
For newly planted tea,
especially when less than 4 - 5 months old, leafhoppers can cause the
drying out of new shoots, with the plant becoming stunted and growing
more slowly. If feeding is severe and prolonged, newly-planted tea
plants could even die. Larger tea plants (branch
formation stage and older) are much more able to tolerate leafhopper
feeding.
However,
high populations of leafhoppers can considerably reduce the yield and
quality of the tea bud.
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| Kirpik Kanatlılar -
Thrips |
|
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Mycterothrips setiventris, Scirtothrips bispinosus, or Scirtothrips
dorsalis
Several of these species may be present at the same time. Other species of thrips
sometimes are found on tea. During the recent five years,
thrips has become a very big problem for the tea growing locations in Bac Can and Thai
Nguyen. Even a few thrips feeding on a bud can lower the quality of the bud, making the
dried buds brittle (easy to break) and making the processed tea bitter with a yellow liquor
(tea water).
Thrips hide
from light, and are concentrated inside folded buds, inside flowers, or
on the undersides
of the youngest leaves. They are very small, narrow insects shaped like
tiny grains of
rice . Because they are so small, you may see
only the damage they
cause.
The
adult thrips is about 0.5 - 1.2 mm long, and is just barely visible
with the unaided eye. They range in colour from pale
brownish-red to flesh-colour to pale green-yellow. Many do not have wings. When present,
the wings are very small and transparent, and are composed of many small light hairs. Nymphs
look like small adults with no wings. Eggs are so small that
you probably
will not be able to see them.
Thrips walk
very slowly, although they can fly from plant to plant fairly quickly.
The
eggs are
inserted singly into the leaf tissue, usually next to a vein. There are
two active nymph
stages that feed by sucking plant sap. Next comes the pre-pupa stage
when the insect is
not very active and does not feed. The pre-pupa can be identified by
having the antenna pointing
backwards, and having two small wingpads. The pre-pupa sheds its skin
to produce the
pupa,
which does not move unless touched, does not feed, and has larger
wingpads. The pupa
is often found in fallen leaves under the tree or in the soil, but
sometimes in old leaves of tea that have been webbed by
caterpillars, dead leaves hanging from bushes, cracks in bark, or moss and lichens on the tea
trunk. Adults emerge from the pupae.
The
development duration of each stage depends very much on the
temperature: egg
8-16 days,
active nymph stages 8-16 days, pre-pupa 1-4 days, and pupa 4-7 days.
Thus, thrips can
complete a generation (from eggs to new adults ready to lay eggs) in
21-42 days.
Adults live
for 5 - 19 days.
Plant damage and plant tolerance
a. Feeding inside rolled-up buds
Thrips, right after
coming out from the egg, can start sucking the sap. Often the attack
begins inside the rolled-up bud. The affected buds are small, crisp and
easy to break (may fall off).
When the damaged bud
unfolds, the leaves have a brown line of dry scars (like cork) along
either side of the main rib (parallel to the main vein). Be careful:
yellow mites cause similar damage; see the picture in the section on
yellow mites. But, thrips feeding usually does not cause the leaves to
curl up like yellow mite.
b. Feeding on young open leaves
Thrips also feed on the
youngest open leaves. The sucking marks often are made one after one,
forming thin pale lines on the underside of the leaf. These lines are
parallel to the main vein (see picture). Leaves that have a lot of this
type of damage become dotted with tiny pale patches, and are often
described as “silvered”. The undersides of leaves may have many black
dots, which are the excrement of the thrips.
After being damaged, leaves become thicker and harder than the normal
ones, duller (not shining) and having darker green color, and may be
puckered or deformed (see pictures).
c. Feeding on young stems
Thrips also feed on the surface of stems, but only near the tip of a
young shoot. This stem feeding causes rough, brown dots or patches on
the surface of the stem.
Importance of thrips feeding
Even a few thrips feeding on a bud or young shoot can lower the quality
of the shoot, in three ways:
1. The dried bud will be more brittle (easily breaks into pieces).
2. The processed tea will have a more bitter flavour.
3. The liquor (tea water) will be more yellow, not as green as it
should be.
Heavily damaged leaves become black and drop off, leaving only crown
buds (some farmers
call this “mangy buds”). A tea bush with many thrips is often stunted
and dry.
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| Akarlar ve
Keneler - Mites |
Kene ve akar Acarina grubu içinde sınıflandırılan 5
bini aşkın türden oluşur. En ufakları milimetrenin onda biri kadardır.
En irileri ise 3 cm uzunluğa erişir. Acarina içinde genellikle
alttakım düzeyinde sınıflandırılan Ixodida grubu kene, bütün
öbür grup üyeleri akar adıyla tanınır. Ama bu iki terimden bazen biri
diğerinin yerine kullanılmakta, bazen Acarina grubunun
sıcakkanlı hayvanlarda asalak yaşayan türlerine kene, bitkilerle
beslenen türlerine akar adı verilmektedir.
Kenelerin
uzunluğu 3 cm’ye kadar ulaşmakla birlikte çoğu 1,5cm’den
küçüktür.Akarlarda ve bütün eklembacaklılarda görüldüğü gibi
vücutlarını epidermis (üstderi) denen dış hücre katmanının salgıladığı,
temel olarak kitin ve boya maddeleri içeren hücresiz, sağlam bir vücut
örtüsü (kütiküla) sarar.Erişkinlerde dört, larvalarda 3 çift bacak
bulunur.
Akarların uzunluğu genellikle yarım
milimetreyi aşmaz. Önemli bir bölümü bitki zararlısıdır. (10)
Mites
are tiny
animals like insects. Scientists do not call mites insects because most
mites have 8 legs (insects never have 8 legs). Mites suck the sap from
leaves, causing leaves to
change color,
curl, dry up, and even fall off. In tea, mites are found on the leaves,
concentrated near the central vein of the leaf. One mite, the Red
spider mite, is a serious pestof tea in Viet Nam. Other
types of tea mites are not yet common in Vietnam, but are important
pests in other countries, and seem to be increasing on the new tea
varieties inVietnam (for example, on the Yabukita
variety imported from Japan). Because mites are
so small, it can be difficult to identify which type of mite is present
on your tea. In fact, several types of mites may be present on the same
leaf. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile for farmers to
identify their mites (or to get an expert to help them identify their
mites). The reason is, each type of mite requires different control
methods.
Description and Behavior
Because mites are so small, it is easiest to identify them based on the
symptoms that they cause. But remember: symptoms vary from one variety
of tea to another, and from one season to another. So, an
identification based on symptoms should be considered as tentative. If
possible, confirm your identification by having an expert look at some
of your mites under a microscope.
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Sarı
Akar -
Yellow Mite
Polyphagotarsonemus
latus, Hemitarsonemus latus
If symptoms are on the flush
(tender new shoots): probably caused by yellow mite. Yellow mites cause
the flush to become stunted, pale, and often curled or deformed. Also,
on the undersides of the flush leaves, yellow mites cause a brown
stripe of dry tissue like cork along the midrib
Be careful: this type of damage can also be caused by thrips that were
feeding inside the curled-up bud.
The body is
parchment coloured with a clouded dorsal stripe:
only sIx legs
are developed. Unlike the previous examples it prevails during cloudy
wet ,weather and attaeks only the young leaves, thus ruining the flush.
-Growth ceases, the leaves turn yellow and, on the under-surfaee, a
rough brown discoloured area, whieh Is quite characteristie, develops
on either side of the mid-rib. When the bud is attacked, a rib may
appear on the leaf, between the margin and the mid-rib, as the leaf
unfolds. it is similar in appearance, though not in origin, to hail
damage.
Yellow mite, which attacks the flush of new leaves, causes the most
direct and immediate loss of the crop. It is most common on tea
recovering from pruning. Attacks can often disappear as fast as they
built up. But, the tea can take a long time to recover from an attack.
This is especially true if the tea is recovering from pruning.
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Kırmızı
Örümcek Akarı - Red Spider Mite
Metatetranychus
bioculatus
Yaprakların
daha ziyade üst yüzeylerine arız olurlar.
Yoğun
oldukları
zaman oldukça zarar verirler.

Red spiders
mites are found on both sides of the leaf and are concentrated along
the central rib of the leaf. They walk very slowly. When they are
feeding, they usually do not move at all. Groups of spider mites often
cover themselves lightly with a “cobweb” of short strands of silk. This
is why they are called “spider” mites. The spider mites can be found
underneath the silk, walking slowly on the leaf surface. Other types of
mites do not produce silk.
The adult
red spider mite is about 0.5 mm long, with a pink or light red color.
The female has a round shape, while the male has a more elongated body.
Adults and most nymphs have 8 legs (though when they first hatch out of
the eggs, the young nymphs have only six legs). The eggs are round,
dark red, and shiny. Leaves with heavy mite populations often have many
tiny white spots on the surface; these are the empty shed skins of the
mites.
Red spider mites produce many continuous generations during the year.
Red spider mite populations grow fastest under dry and hot weather
conditions. The duration of the egg stage is usually 3 - 8 days and of
the nymph stage is usually 4 - 12 days. In warm summer months, spider
mites can complete a generation (from egg to new adults that are ready
to lay eggs) in
as little as 9 days! And, each female lays about 90 eggs. For both of
these reasons, spider mite populations can increase very rapidly. In
cooler winter months, a generation can require as much as 28 days.
Spider mite adults live for 10 - 20 days.
Red spider mite is a serious pest problem on tea. It sucks the sap of
the plant and causes the older leaves to fall off, which reduces
photosynthesis. When tea fields are very seriously affected, young
leaves will also fall off, which severely reduces the yield of
harvested tea. It takes quite a long time for the tea plants to recover
after severe damage by this pest.
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Kırmızımsı
Akar -
Scarlet Mite
Although
they are very small, both red spider mites and scarlet mites can be
seen with the unaided eye. But, it is best to use a strong magnifying
glass.Scarlet mites look similar to spider mites, but are smaller
(about 0.3 mm long) and flatter. And, scarlet mites do not make silk
like spider mites. Adults and nymphs are usually red with some black on
the body. They are concentrated on the lower surfaces of leaves,
especially at the leaf base and the petiole (“stem” of the leaf). Eggs
are bright reddish-orange, and are deposited in cracks, crevices and
other protected areas on the plant surface.
Yaprakların
alt yüzeylerinde görülürler.
Feeding leads to brown
discolouration of leaves.
Symptoms
of attack first appear on either side of the midrib and
gradually spread to the entire leaf.
Severe
infestation leads to defoliation.
Adult
mite is scarlet red in colour and obovate in shape.
Reproduction
is by parthenogenesis.
Eggs
are bright red, elliptical, laid in clusters.
Incubation
period is 7-10 days.
Developmental
stages include three legged larva, protonymph and
deutonymph.
Each
developmental stage is followed by a quiescent stage.
Life
cycle completed in 30-36 days
Scarlet mites can also produce
many generations per year. However, they require more time for each
generation (about 20-47 days from eggs to new adults that are ready to
lay eggs). Also, each female lays fewer eggs (only about 30 eggs per
female). For both of these reasons, scarlet mite populations increase
more slowly than red spider mite populations. Scarlet mite adults live for 30 days or more.
Scarlet mite can cause similar damage as red spider mite. But, because
scarlet mites reproduce more slowly, they don’t build up damaging
populations as often as red spider mite.
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Mor Akar - Purple
Mite
Purple
mite is considered the least damaging of the mites on tea. But, farmers
should study it carefully. Because purple mites are so small, farmers
often do not notice them in the field. So, perhaps farmers are
underestimating the importance of purple mite just because they do not
notice it.
Kanzawa
Kenesi
- Kanzawa Spider Mite
Tetranychus
kanzawai
Bu zararlının
Haziran’da ve Eylül’den Ekim’e kadar iki kez
istilasının zirveye ulaştığı gözlenir.
Bu kenenin
popülasyonu
Amblyseius
pradatörü tarafından doğal olarak baskılanır.
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Bitler
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Kabuklu
Bitler
Koşniller
Bunların
pek çok çeşiti
vardır. Çaylıklarda da en çok görüleni ve geniş tahribata neden
olanlardan
biride (Westwood)dir.
Bu
koşnil
senede
bir döl verir. Ekolojik şartlara bağlı olarak 15 Mayıstan Haziran ayı
sonuna
kadar yumurtlar.
Yumurtalar
pamuk gibi beyaz bir ağ içersinde bulunur.
Bu pamuk ağ 0,5cm kadar uzunluktadır.
Yaprakların
alt yüzeylerinde,
gövde
yüzeylerinde, muntazam olmayan bir diziliş içinde bulunabilirler.
Yumurtaların
çatlaması ve yavruların meydana çıkması 15 Temmuza kadar devam eder.
Yumurtalardan
çıkan sarı renkli yavrular genç dal ve yapraklara yayılırlar.
Renkleri
zamanla açık yeşile dönüşür.
Kışa
kadar gelişimlerini tamamlarlar ve
kışı
çay bitkisi üzerinde geçirirler.
Bitkinin
öz suyunu emmek ve
yapraklarda
fumagin
oluşturmak suretiyle gelişmeye mani olurlar.
İlkbahardan
sonbahara kadarki tüm
dönemlerde bitkilerde bulunmakla beraber daha çok ilkbahar ve sonbahar
başlarında yoğun olarak görülmektedirler.
Özellikle yeni sürmekte olan
sürgünlere
hücum ederek bitki özsuyunu emmekte ve çayda meydana gelecek taze
sürgün
oluşmasını önlemektedir. Ayrıca salgıladıkları tatlı madde nedeniyle
bitki
üzerinde fumajin oluşturmaktadır.
Bilinen en etkin doğal
düşmanları: Coccinella septempunctata
L. Ve Syrphus spp.dir.
Özellikle azotlu gübrelerin
çok yüksek düzeyde kullanıldığı
çaylıklarda zararlı popülasyonu yüksek olmaktadır. Öyleyse dengeli
gübreleme
yapılmalıdır.
Kimyasal mücadele
yapılabilmesi için, bitki başına 10 sürgün
üzerinde yaprak biti görüldüğünde ilaçlama yapılması gerekmektedir. (3)
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Yaprak bitleri
Toxoptera
aurantii
Aphids are minor pests that
seldom cause economic damage. They cause symptoms (curled, deformed leaves) that can be
confused with mites and mosquito bugs.
Description
and Behavior
You will probably first notice
aphids because of the symptoms they cause. Young shoots infested with aphids curl
downwards at the tip. Leaves on which aphids are feeding usually curl up and become distorted.
Another clue that you may have
aphids is the presence of sooty mold or ants. Aphids use their tube-like mouthparts to pierce
the green tissue and suck sap. Like scale insects, aphids excrete a sugary liquid that causes
sooty mold to grow on the leaves. Ants often protect aphids because they like to drink the
sugary liquid.
Aphids occur in groups on the
buds and the undersides of the youngest leaves. They are dark brown,
about 1.5 - 2 mm long, and have rounded bodies shaped like a tiny pear
(see drawing). At the back of the body are two “horns” that produce a
liquid that helps repel natural enemies. Some adults have delicate
transparent wings, though many do not have wings. A group of aphids
often includes many white, empty shed skins.
Vücut kahverengiden
siyaha kadar
değişmektedir.
Renk ve vücut uzunluğu kanatlı ve
kanatsız formlarda
değişmekle
beraber boy genellikle 1,5-2,0mm
kadardır.
Karnın arka ucunda 2 adet tatlı madde
çıkaran borucuk bulunmaktadır.
Antenler kıl gibi ince
ve uzundur.
Çay ve turunçgiller en önemli
konukçularıdır.
Zararlı koloniler halinde
bulunmakta ve zarar yapmaktadır.
Kışı genellikle yumurta halinde
geçirirler.
İlkbaharda açılan yumurtalardan çıkan
kanatsız bireyler bitkilerin taze
sürgün
ve yapraklarında beslenmeye başlar.
Parthenogenetik (döllemsiz) olarak
çoğalan
dişi bireyler yeni yeni koloniler meydana getirirler.
Bir veya birkaç
kanatsız
dölden sonra kanatlı parthenogenetik dişiler meydana gelmekte ve bazen
2 form
bir arada görülmektedir.
Sonbaharda kanatlı erkek ve kanatsız
dişi
bireylerin
çiftleşmeleri sonunda kışlayacak yumurtalar dişi tarafından
bırakılmaktadır.
Zararlı en iyi 20-23 C’de gelişmekte
olup yılda sıcaklığa bağlı olarak 10-15 döl verebilmektedir.
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Pulsular
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Yumuşak veya Mumsu Pulsular : Ceroplastes spp., Coccus
viridis, Parabemisia myricae, Saissetia coffeae, or Trialeurodes
vaporariorum.
Bir kaç çeşiti aynı anda bitki
üzerinde bulunabilir.
Sert veya Zırhli Pulsular :Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus
destructor, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Hemiberlesia spp., Pseudaonidia
duplex, or Pseudaulacaspis pentagona.
Description and Behavior
At first glance, scale insects
seem to be dead. They are "glued onto" the undersides of leaves (especially along the midvein)
or onto green shoots, and do not move. Most scales areprotected underneath waxy
shields that may be soft or quite hard. Shields may be round or elongated (shaped like an
oyster shell), and are about 2-6 mm long (see pictures).
The
actual body of the scale insect is found underneath the shield. It
looks something like an aphid, but with very short legs and antennae.
The insect uses its sharp tube-like mouthparts to pierce the leaf or
shoot and suck the sap.
Like
aphids, scales excrete a sugary liquid that causes sooty mold to grow
on the leaves. Ants often protect scales because they like to drink the
sugary liquid. The presence of sooty mold or ants are good clues that
you may have a problem with scales.
Life
cycle
Female
adults lay eggs under their shields. Active nymphs (called “crawlers”)
hatch from the eggs and walk to other shoots on the bush, or are
carried by the wind to other bushes. Sometimes ants carry crawlers
to new bushes. Once nymphs finds a good place to feed, they secrete a
waxy liquid that hardens over their bodies to form the shield. As they
grow larger,
they
secrete more wax, and their shield also gets larger. Eventually, they
mature into adults.
Adult
males are shaped like tiny mosquitoes, and fly to search for females
for mating. But, adult females remain under their shields for their
entire life. Adult females do not move to new bushes to lay eggs;
instead, it is only the young crawlers that infest new bushes. Scales
take about 4-6 weeks to complete a generation (from eggs to adults).
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| Tırtıllar - Kurtlar |
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Most
caterpillars chew
holes in leaves. Because holes are so easy to see, farmers are often
alarmed by caterpillar feeding. But tea can tolerate substantial
amounts of caterpillars without reducing yield.
Bud rollers,
leaf
tiers,
and leaf folders
Tea tortrix or
tea bud tier
Homona
coffearia (Family
Tortricidae)
Smaller tea
tortrix Adoxophyes sp. (Family Tortricidae)
Tea leaf
roller
Caloptilia
theivora
Çay yaprak kıvrıklığı,
Tea leaf Roller (Caloptilia theivora), Haziran’da ikinci hasattan önce
yeni yapraklara zarar
verir. Atıklarını, larvaları yoluyla üçgenimsi olarak bir bohça
şeklinde
kıvırdıkları yapraklarda biriktirirler.
Agriophora
rhombata
Flushworm
Cydia leucostoma
Several of
these species may be present at the same time.
These
caterpillars produce silk and use it to roll or fold leaves to
make a “nest”. They areusually not of economic importance.
Description
and Behavior
Caterpillars
make “nests” by connecting leaves with silk threads,
sometimes of one leaf rolled up, or sometimes of two or more leaves
together. Caterpillars can be
found inside the rolled and tied leaves. Caterpillars of the bud tier
are about 2 cm long,
dark-green color with shiny brown-black head. Caterpillars of the tea
leaf roller are about 1 cm
long, white or pale green color, with the head also pale.
Life cycle
Eggs are laid
on the leaves. Bud tier lays eggs in masses of 100-150
eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves; the egg masses are thin, pale,
and look like
gelatin. Tea leaf roller lays
eggs one by
one on the undersides of leaves. Caterpillars hatch from
eggs and start feeding on the young leaves, either by making leaf nests
(bud tier) or by
burrowing inside the leaf (tea leaf roller). Older caterpillars of both
species make larger nests, on
both flush and mature leaves. The pupa is found inside the nest (bud
tier) or covered with
silk on the surface of the leaf (tea leaf roller). The adults are small
brown moths. These species
need 5-9 weeks to complete a generation (from egg to adult).
Plant damage
and plant tolerance
Damage is
mostly from the loss of leaves, which reduces photosynthesis.
However, tea can tolerate a moderate loss of leaves without reducing
yield. In addition,
some buds cannot be plucked because they are ruined by leaf nests.
Case worms
and bag worms
Scientific
names: Brachycyttarus (= Acanthopsyche) subteralbatus,
Cryptothelea spp.,
Eumeta spp.,
or Pagodiella (= Pagodia)
(Order
Lepidoptera, Family Psychidae).
Several of
these species may be present at the same time.
These
caterpillars live inside portable “houses” made from silk covered
with pieces of leaves or twigs (see pictures). The
caterpillars stick their heads out of
their houses to chew holes in
the leaves.
Sometimes they eat most of the way through the leaf but
leave a thin membrane covering the damaged leaf (see
picture). They usually are not important
pests.
Life cycle
Female adults
lay eggs inside their houses. Young caterpillars hatch
inside the house and crawl out onto leaves, where
they start making their own houses.
Caterpillars transform into
pupae inside
their own houses. Adult males are moths, which fly out of
their houses to search
for females. But adult females never leave their houses. Adult
females have no wings
and look
almost like caterpillars.
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Nettle
caterpillars and saddleback
caterpillars
Scientific
names:
Aphendala recta, Cania bilinea, Chalcocelis albiguttatus, Cheromettia
(= Belippa) laleana, Darna sp., Narosa conspersa, Parasa lepida,
Scopelodes spp., Setora nitens, or Thosea spp. (Order Lepidoptera,
Family Limacodiidae).
Several of these species may be present at the same time.
Farmers and pluckers should learn to recognize these caterpillars,
because they have stinging spines that can cause painful burns. The
caterpillars chew holes in mature leaves, but usually don’t cause
enough damage to reduce yields.
Description and Behavior
The caterpillars are usually found on the undersides of mature leaves.
They have thick, fleshy bodies of green colour. Some species have
stripes or “saddles” of white or brown colour on their backs (see
pictures). Unlike most caterpillars, their bodies do not appear to be
divided into separate segments. Also, their legs are very tiny (some
have sucker disks like octopus underneath their bodies). Most of the
species have groups of branched spines around the outside of their
body. When mature, the caterpillars are about 1-1.5 cm long.
Life cycle
A typical caterpillar life cycle. Female moths lay eggs on the mature
leaves. Caterpillars hatch out and begin feeding on the undersides of
mature leaves. Large mature caterpillars drop off the bush and pupate
(form cocoons) on the ground. Cocoons look a bit like large seeds. They
are spherical, about 5-15 mm in diameter, and consist of a hard papery
shell
covered with a thin layer of silk. Cocoons are found buried in the soil
(within the top 2 cm), or among dead leaves, or in crevices among
stones. Adults (small brown moths) emerge from the cocoons.
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Cluster
caterpillars
Tea tussock
moth, or lappet (caterpillars have tufts of long hairs):
Scientific
names:
Euproctis pseudoconspersa (Order Lepidoptera, Family Lymantriidae)
Orgyia postica (Order Lepidoptera, Family Lymantriidae)
Smooth cluster caterpillars (caterpillars do not have long hairs):
Scientific names: Andraca bipunctata (Order Lepidoptera, Family
Bombycidae)
These caterpillars are found in groups on tea branches.
They chew holes in leaves, but seldom cause enough damage to reduce
yields. However, the hairy caterpillars stop farmers from plucking,
because their hairs release a poison that irritates farmers’ hands.
Life cycle
A typical moth-caterpillar life cycle. Masses of round yellow eggs are
laid on the undersides of leaves. Dark-brown pupae are found at the
bases of large branches. Adult is a small yellow
moth.
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Kızıl
Deliciler - Red borers
Zeuzera
coffeae and Z. leuconotum (Order Lepidoptera, Family Cossidae).
Borerlar büyük
tırtıllardır. İş makinesi gibi çalışırlar. Dal ve gövde içinde
tünellerde yaşarlar. Genelde bir tanesi bile bir veya birkaç dalın
ölümüne neden olabilir.
Çaylıkların dibindeki talaşlar
kolyaca farkedilmelerini sağlar. Ayrıca dallarda kuruma ve pörsümelerde
varklılarını işaret eder.
Yumurtalarını
çay dal veya gövdesi üzerine bırakırlar. Bir tesbih gibi tane tene
dizilirler.
The caterpillar hatches
from the egg and
starts boring into small shoots or branches. Older caterpillars extend
their tunnels into larger branches or even into the main stem; the
tunnel can be as much as 60 cm long. Caterpillars are pink to dark-red
in color and 3-5 cm long when fully grown The pupa is found
inside the tunnel, and is about 2-3 cm long and brown in color. The
adult is a large pretty moth, sometimes called the “leopard moth”. Its
wings are white with black and steel-blue spots, and when open extend
for 4-5 cm.
.
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| Termitler |
Eat
living wood nest inside trees, Postelectrotermes militaris (Order
Isoptera, Family Kalotermitidae)
Eat living
wood,nest in the soil, Coptotermes spp. (Order Isoptera,
Family Rhinotermitidae)
Eat dead wood,
nest in the soil, Macrotermes spp., Microtermes
spp., or Odontotermes spp. (Order Isoptera, Family Termitidae).
Several of
these species may be present in the same field.
Termites eat
the woody roots, branches, and stem. They can cause great
damage to tea on hills.
Description
and Behavior
Termites resemble ants,
but have softer white bodies that are shaped like a tube (do not have a
narrow “waist” like ants).
Some termites
eat only dead wood. The most damaging termites are those
that attack living wood. They enter through the roots and work their
way upward, finally destroying the heartwood. They make their nest
inside the trunk of the tea tree. Above-ground symptoms are wilting
leaves and a poorly-growing plant. Tubes of mud or sawdust (which cover
trails used by termites) are often seen on the trunk or branches.
Life cycle
Termites
changes very little as they grow from nymphs to adults. They
live in nests in the soil, in dead trees, or inside the trunks of
living trees. Many thousands of termites may live in one nest. At some
times during the year, winged adults fly away to start new nests.
Plant damage
and plant tolerance
A heavy
infestation of termites that attack live wood can reduce yields
by 10-15%. Termites that attack live wood can kill even large mature
tea bushes. They can also harm shade trees.
Even termites
that eat only dead wood make the wood moist and dirty,
and therefore more susceptible to fungus diseases.
Management
practices: prevention and control
Termites that
eat living wood do not travel through soil to reach their
food supply. Instead, they first enter a tea bush from roots of another
tree that are touching the roots of the tea bush.
Therefore,
when clearing land to plant a new tea field, it is very
important to remove stumpsand dead trees, including their roots.
Once a tea
bush becomes infested, the first step is to observe if the
termites are eating living wood or only dead wood (wood already killed
by sunscorch, die-back after pruning, or diseases). If the termites are
eating living wood, there are few options besides the use of
insecticides. At pruning time, cut the branches back so that you expose
at least two openings
into the nest
inside the trunk. Then, spray insecticide into the nest.
You must spray immediately after pruning, because the termites will
quickly block up the openings with mud.
The
alternative is to dig up and burn the infested bush, and replant.
Before replanting, check to make sure that neighboring bushes are not
infested.
If the
termites are eating only dead wood, prune off infested branches
and clean away any sawdust or mud tubes from the surface of the tree.
If possible, find and destroy the nest (dig it up or use insecticides).
The nest will be located in the soil or in a dead tree.
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| Hastalıklar
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| Fizyolojik
Hastalıklar |
Isırıklarla
Oluşan Hastalıklar
Fideliklerde,
genç sürgünlerde
vegetatif kesimlerde ısırıklarla oluşan patolojik durumdur.
Genelde
gelişmenin ileri safhalarında olmaz, ancak tohumla oluşturulan
fidanlıklarda asalaklara hayatiyetine devam edbilirler.
Semptomlar:
Kazık
köklerde çürüme olur.
Asalaklar Cotyledon
seviyesinin 1-3 cm altında ısırıklar
oluşturur.
Çıkan
yapraklarda solgun bir görünüm vardır.
Yapraklar olgunluğa erişmeden prematüre olup, dökülürler.
Isırmaya
maruz kalan bitkilerin tipik özelliği
iki banjhi yaprağından fazla yaprağın tepede oluşmamasıdır.Gelişmeye
çalışan tomurcukar düşer. Sonuçta bitiki ölür.
Bulaşma yolları :
Fidanlıklarda
Bulaşmış,
kesilmiş fakat ortamdan
uzaklaştırılmayan bitki parçalarından
Su,
hava ve toprakla
Hayvanlar
ve insanların bulaşmış ayaklarıyla
Sararmalar

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| Virüs Hastalıkları
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Phloem Necrosis
In the Iate
'thirties Gaddia reported a disease found extensively in up-country
districts in Ceylon and tentatively ascribed the cause to an unknown
virus. No organism could be isolated from diseased tissues and the
distribution of the affected plants did not suggest a physiological
deficiency disease. Following up Gadd's preliminary researches, Bondl9
established the virus nature of the disease by graft transmissions. No
vector has been discovered. The search for ameans of transmission
is made difficuIt by the extreme slowness of the development of
symptoms. Judging from grafts, adelay of two years may intervene
between infection and manifestation of symptoms.
The
distribution of
affeeted bushes is eharacteristie: diseased speeimens oeeur in elumps
of varying size usually quite small, but the scatter of these elumps is
widespread. This seems to rule out the possibiHty of infeetion by the
pruning knife. it has been suggested that an organism living within the
soil might be a possible explanation, but no headway has been made in
identifying even a probable speeies.
The
diagnostic symptom of
the disease is the neerosis of the phloem. When this is the resuIt of
virus infeetion it is always peripheral : there is occasionally a false
neerosis found in the phloelI\ nearer the eambium. Neerosis can be
present in root, stem or leaf but is most eonstant in the root. The
necrosis is not continuous and occurs only in small patches. Only fifty
per cent of necrotie bushes show leaf symptoms according to Bond's
surveys. AIthough less frequent, the leaf- and stem-symptoms are highly
charaeteristie. In the leaf the
neerotie
midrib lignifies prematurely and eeases to grow: the rest of
the leaf on the other hand maintains its adaxial gi'owth. The resuIt is
a severe curvature of the leaf, convex at the upper surfaee. The shoots
bearing the affected leaves and axillary shoots are eonfined to one
plane, and the pattern of the internodes is charaeteristieally zigzag.
Roots on the other hand have no marked external symptoms.
Complete
diagnosis
requires an examination of the phloem tissues themselves, and, in
advaneed cases, a definite eonelusion can be reached without
mieroscopie examination. In roots the necrotie tissues can be exposed
by earefully scraping the cortex till a dead brown pateh is revealed.
For stem examination it is best to peel the bark: when this is done the
neerotic patehes are seen on the underside of the peelings.' Necrotic
leaves can be diagnosed by nipping them off at the petiole. On
examining the cross-seetIon a brown areh
of
necrotie phloem Isvisible amidst the otherwIse green tIssue. The
naked eye will frequently revcal this: at most a hand lens is necessary
for confirmation.
Bond's
survey of the
disease brought to light a number of interesting
features. In the first place, the disease did not manifest itself in
Ceylan at elevations below about 4,000 ft. ; above 5,000 ft. the
incidence was severe. This suggested elimatic masking. In the second
place the symptoms of the disease were maskcd in the so-called high
jats. Both these factars operated in the same direction, i.e. in
confining the incidence of the disease to high elevation estates, since
the great majority of these estates had been originally planted with
low and suseeptible jats. It was a noticeable feature of infeeted
fields that infilled plants (whieh were eonsistently of a higher jat
than theoriginal hybrid-ehina) even though ten years old, and growing
eheek by jowl with heavily neerotie bushes, were free from symptoms.
Bond sueeessfully separated the elimatie masking effeet from that of jat
and
sueeeeded in
transmitting the disease by grafting through a
symptomless earrier of high jat. The only form of control is that of
severe and eonstant roguing, aeeompanied by supplying with symptomless
earriers. The disease is a eonstant souree of troiible and is
spreading, and affeets about 25 per cent of tea above the 6,000 ft.
elevation. In
the
ahseni:e or a inutation that woiild afTeetthe apparent immunity or
the syiiiptomless i:arrier, the loealization and eventual suppression
or the disease in symptomatie form should be possible.
In Assam,
Hainsworth (loe. eit.) has reported a marginal neerosis of
leaves assoeiated with some neerosis of the veins. Whether this symptom
is due to a virus is not known, but it does not appear to have the
eharaeteristie symptoms of the Ceylon disease.
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| Mantari Hastalıkları |
Köklerde
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Armillaria
Kök Çürüklüğü - Root Splitting Disease
Armillaria mellea
Hastalık etmeni şapkalı bir
fungustur.
Hastalik etmeninin
sporları hava kökenli olmasina rağmen hastalığınn yayılmasinda çok
önemli bir rol üstlenmez.
Hastalık etmeni 50 yıl
gibi uzun süre toprakta canli kalabildiğinden mücadelesi oldukça
zordur.
Şapkalarını sonbaharın ilk
yağmurlarından sonra oluşturur.
Hasta ağaçların kütüklerinde
oluşan, sarımsı kahverenkli ve aşağıya doğru siyahlaşan şapkalar, 5-15
cm çapındadır. Bu
şapkalar, misellerden oluşan rizomorfların ucunda meydana gelir.
Rizomorflar
kalın, silindir şeklinde koyu renkli misel uzantılarıdır. Uç kısımları
renksiz ve akışkan madde ile çevrili olan rizomorfların dışı koyu, içi
beyazdır.
Fungus
hem
toprakta, hem de odun dokusunda yaşar.
Ölü
ağaçlarda
ve toprakta kalan kök parçalarında uzun süre yaşamını sürdürür.
Nemli
yerlerde
iyi gelişme olanağı bulur.
Armillaria
kök çürüklüğü
hastalığı, köklerde çürüklük yaparak,
bitkinin ölümüne neden olur.
Hastalığa
yakalanan bitkide
sürgün oluşumu azalır, yapraklar sararır ve dökülür. Sürgün ve dallar
ölmeye ve kurumaya başlar, nihayet bitkiler tamamen kururlar.
Bu
belirtilerin oluşumu ve
bitkinin ölümü 4 yılı bulur. Şiddetli
enfeksiyon
koşullarında, bu süre 1-2 yıldır.
Hastalığa
yakalanmış bitkilerin
kökleri incelendiğinde, ikinci köklerden başlayarak kök boğazına kadar,
kabuk dokusu ile odun dokusu arasında beyaz fungal tabakanın oluştuğu
görülür.
 Hastalığın
başlangıcında, odun
dokusu açık kahve rengidir, daha sonra sarımtırak veya beyaz süngerimsi
dokuya dönüşür.
Bitkilerin
verim
yaşında ölümüne neden olduğu için, ekonomik açıdan önemlidir.
Toprağı
iyi seçilmemiş,
bahçe kuruluşu ve kültürel işlemleri tekniğine uygun yapılmamış
bahçelerde, etmen kolay gelişebilmektedir.
Taban
suyu yüksek, dere
kenarlarına tesis edilmiş bitkilerde önemli zararlara neden
olabilmektedir.
Konukçuları orman ve meyve
ağaçlarıdır. En yaygın olarak görüldüğü meyve ağaçları elma, armut,
erik, şeftali, kiraz, vişne, kayısı, dut, nar, asma, zeytin, kestane,
ceviz; orman ağaçları ise meşe ve iğne yapraklılardır.
Afrika ve Endonezya da yaygın
olmanın yanısıra, Seylan ve Hindaistanda da seyrekte olsada görünür.
Yeni plantasyonlarda 2-3 yıl
sonra görülebilir.
Bulaşan çay ocakları kökünden
sökülüp yakılmalıdır.
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Kahverengi
Kök Çürümesi
- Brown Root
Disease
Etkeni
Fomes noxius
mantarıdır .

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Kırmızı Kök Çürümesi -
Red Root Disease
Etkeni
Poria hypolateritia'dır.
Bitki
köklerinde
yaptığı araz neticesinde kırmızımsı bir renk
ortaya
çıkar.
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Charcoal Stump Rot
Etkeni
Ustulina deusta'dır.
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Ustulina
deusta
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Siyah
Kök Çürümesi
Etkeni
Rosellinia arcuata'dır.
Köklerde
siyah renkli çürük meydana gelir.
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Violet Kök çürümesi
Etkeni
Sphaerostilbe repens'dir.
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| Yapraklarda |
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Kırmızı Pas - Red
Rust
Etkeni Cephaleuros
parasiticus
mantarıdır.
Yaprak ve genç sürgünlere
arız olur. İlk defa sararan
yaprak
ve sürgünlerde, bilahere kırmızı lekeler meydana gelir.
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Kabarcık
Mantar - Blister
Blight
Etkeni
Exobasidium vexans'tır.
Dağlık araziler de yetersiz
güneşin olduğu ağaç altlarında tesirini
gösterir.
Genç
sürgün
ve yapraklarda arız olur.
Sporları rüzgarlar
vasıtasıyla çok uzak
mesafelere
nakledebilmektedir.
Genç yapraklar üzerine
yerleşen sporlar çok
kısa
zaman zarfında gelişirler.
Yaprakların alt yüzlerinde
takriben 12
milimetre
çapında beyaz, toz halinde sporları havi kabarcıklar meydana gelir.
Böyle
yapraklar kurur ve dökülür.
Bu hastalık çay bitkisinin
en tehlikeli ve
tahribkar hastalıklardan biridir.
En çok Seylan ve Hindistan
da
yayılmıştır.
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Gri Mantar - Grey
Blight
Etkeni
Pestalotiopsis longiseta'dır.
Mantar genç sürgünlerin sap
ve yaralı kısımlarda etkili olur.
Özellikle
makine ile hasatta yapraklardaki kesik ve yaralı kısımlar enfeksiyona
daha fazla davetkârdır.
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Kahverengi
Mantar - Brown Blight
Etkeni Colletotrichum camelliae
ve
Glomerella
cingulata mantarlarıdır.
Yaprakların bir noktasından
sarımsı veya
açık
kahve renginde başlayan küçük lekeler, halkalar halinde genişleyerek
kısa
zamanda yaprağın büyük bir kısmını kaplarlar ve koyu bir renk alırlar.
Yaprak şekilsiz bir duruma
girer ve vazife göremez, en nihayet kurur.
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Küflenme
Etkeni çeşitli mantarlar
olup, en
önemlileri Limacinula
theae, Capnodium sp., Meliola sp. mantarlarıdır.
Arız oldukları
çaylarda
yaprakların üst yüzleri toz halinde esmer veya siyah is şeklinde
görülür.
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Siyah Çürüme -
Black Rot
Etkeni Corticium invisum
ve
C. theae'dir.

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Leke
Etkeni Calonectria theae'dır.
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Gövdede
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Dal Pamukçuğu -
Branch Canker
Etkeni Macrophoma theicola ve
Physafospora negfecta'dır.
Bir mantar türü hastalıktan
çok bakteriyel hastalıktır.
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Dikenli
GövdePamukçuğu

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Kök
Kurtları
Meloidogyne
Javanica
: Erkeği
0.5-1cm
uzunluğunda olup, dişileri daha küçüktür. 15 gün içersinde armut
şeklinde şişkin bir hale gelerek bulundukları ince ve genç
köklerde
yer yer kabartılar meydana getirirler. Soymuk borularını tahrip
etmek
suretiyle bitkilerin beslenmesine engel olurlar.
Melidogyne
brevicauda :
Köklerde
tahribat
yaparlar. Meloidogyne Javanica'dan daha küçüktürler.
Pratylenchus
pratensis ve
Pratylenchus
coffeae:
Bu iki haşerenin kurtları oldukça küçüktür. Genç saçak köklere araz
olurlar
ve köklerin dokusunu tahrip etmek suretiyle bitkinin beslenmesini
sekteye uğratırlar. Yapraklar sararır ve zamanla dökülür.
Çay
Filiz Güvesi
Erginleri
yaprakların
alt yüzüne ve genç sürgün kısımlarına yumurtlamaktadırlar.
Yumurtalardan
çıkan tırtıllar genç filizlerin özünde tünel açmak suretiyle
tahribat
yapmakta ve ilk mahsulü geniş ölçüde zarara sokmaktadır.
Bu
haşerenin
görüldüğü
çaylıklarda budama yapmak ve artıkları uzaklaştırıp yakmak gerekir.
*
..ve
ayrıca
Tarla
Fareleri, Mayıs Böceği ve Danaburnu:
Bilhassa
genç bitkilere musalat olmaktadırlar. Bitkinin köklerini kemirmek veya
kesmek
suretiyle tahribat yaparlar. Danaburnunun çay çeliklerindeki tahribatı
daha geniş ölçüde olmaktadır.
Bunlardan
başka Ustulina zonata, Hypoxylon asarcodes, Helicobasidium
compactum ve Corticitum theae gibi mantarlarda mevcut olup
çay
bitkilerine arız olmakta ve çeşitli kök ve gövde çürüklüklerine
sebebiyet
vermektedirler.
Tohum
damızlıklarında bazı bakteri hastalıklarına da tesadüf edilmektedir.
Çay bitkisinin tahripkar bir virüs hastalığı henüz tespit edilmiş
olmamakla
beraber Tephrosia candida'nın bir virus hastalığından daha müessir
bulunduğu
Kuzey/Doğu Hindistan'dan bilinmektedir.
Biriz Biz
Devam ediyor, açıklamalar
eklenecektir....
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